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Books, magazines, and nearly everything in print; both words and pictures; are created by photographic processes. Even microchips inside a computer have their tiny circuitry imprinted by a kind of photography. And thanks to digital cameras, people can now easily get a number of images; holidays, birthdays, graduations, and vacations; and immediately share them with friends and family through e-mail or posting to the Internet.
The technology behind photography also has scientific and medical applications. For example, images taken by powerful telescopes give astronomers understanding of distant stellar phenomena. Medical-imaging devices give physicians with detailed views inside the human body.
Basic Equipment: In traditional photography, light rays magnified from the subject being photographed go through a lens into a light-tight box, called a camera. These light rays affect the light-sensitive material that is on the film, which is at the other end of the camera. By doing this, an image is recorded on the light-sensitive film. Later on, the image is made visible and permanent when it is processed with specific chemicals.
The easiest kind of camera is called the viewfinder, or point-and-shoot, camera. It uses a small window for viewing and has a simple fixed-focus lens. Certain models provide very limited focusing for close and distant pictures. This class of cameras includes a lot of compact, inexpensive 35-millimeter (mm) and also digital models.
A professional photographer can bring out excellent pictures from such cameras. Nevertheless, they are not ideal for serious photography because they lack the wide range of adjustments that permit focus and exposure control.
Professional photographers normally use SLR, with an SLR, when you look through the viewfinder, you are looking through the lens. This feature greatly facilitates the use of interchangeable lenses.
Another kind of camera is the twin-lens reflex (TLR). The TLR has 2 external lenses and a fixed mirror. The top lens, with the aid of the mirror, is for viewing. The bottom lens is for taking the picture. The Lens The lens serves to generate a sharp, in-focus, image on the film. Low-priced cameras often have a fixed-focus lens that produces a sharp image of any subject that is from 8 feet (2.4 meters) to the far distance, or infinity, from the camera. A better camera has an adjustable lens which can be moved to and fro manually and can form a sharp image of objects from 3 feet (1 meter) to infinity from the camera. Other cameras have electronic mechanisms that promptly focus the lens on the subject that uses up the largest part of the image. Using the lens to its best needs complicate adjustments. These are the adjustments that differentiate an image taken by a pro photographer from a photograph taken by an amateur.
The focal length of a normal lens is approximately equal to the diagonal of the image on the film. With a 35-mm camera, the diagonal of the image is 43 mm as well as any lens from 45 mm to 58 mm is considered normal. The usual normal lens for a 35-mm camera is 50 mm. This lens has an angle of view of 46;, very close to that of the human eye.
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